{"id":4457,"date":"2026-10-15T21:57:05","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T16:27:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/?p=4457"},"modified":"2026-10-15T23:23:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T17:53:59","slug":"legal-maxims-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxims-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"Legal Maxims Explained: Meanings, Origins and Use in Indian Courts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Latin maxims are the shorthand of the courtroom. A judge who says a petition is &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-23\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"106\" title=\"Sub Judice - Legal Maxim of the Day\">sub judice<\/a>&#8221;, a lawyer who files a &#8220;caveat&#8221;, a prosecutor who &#8220;withdraws from prosecution&#8221; \u2013 each is using a phrase with centuries of meaning packed into it. This page collects the maxims and terms our readers ask about most, explains what each one means, and shows where it actually appears in Indian law and practice. Use the index to jump to a term, or follow the links to our longer articles on individual maxims.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h2>Index of legal maxims on this page<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#ad-quod-damnum\">Ad quod damnum<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#auctoritas\">Auctoritas (auctoritas non veritas facit legem)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#caveat\">Caveat<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ceteris-paribus\">Ceteris paribus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#forum-non-conveniens\">Forum non conveniens<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#in-propria-persona\">In propria persona (party in person)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#nolle-prosequi\">Nolle prosequi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#non-obstante\">Non obstante (and non obstante verdicto)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#nunc-pro-tunc\">Nunc pro tunc<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#quo-warranto\">Quo warranto<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#res-publica\">Res publica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#subpoena\">Subpoena<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#terra-nullius\">Terra nullius<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#veto\">Veto<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"ad-quod-damnum\">Ad quod damnum \u2013 &#8220;to what damage&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> The phrase asks how much harm has been done, and therefore how much compensation is owed. In common-law pleading the <em>ad damnum<\/em> clause is the part of a plaint that states the amount of damages the plaintiff claims. Historically it was also the name of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/lawyer-for-writ-petition\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"16\" title=\"Writ Petition - Types, Important Judgements, How and When to File | Lawyer for Writ Petition\">writ<\/a> directing a sheriff to assess the loss a landowner would suffer if the Crown took or altered his land.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Indian practice.<\/strong> Every civil plaint claiming money must value the relief and pay court fee on it; the claimed amount in a suit for damages is the Indian equivalent of the <em>ad damnum<\/em> clause. The principle that compensation must correspond to the loss actually suffered runs through the law of torts, Section 73 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (compensation for breach) and the compensation provisions of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013. Courts award damages to restore the injured party, not to punish, unless a statute expressly allows exemplary damages.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"auctoritas\">Auctoritas \u2013 &#8220;authority&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> In the Roman Republic <em>auctoritas<\/em> was the moral and political weight a person or body carried \u2013 the Senate&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-consultancy-services\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"140\" title=\"Expert Legal Consultation in a Wide Range of Areas\">advice<\/a> bound by prestige rather than by force of law. The maxim usually quoted with it, <em>auctoritas non veritas facit legem<\/em> (&#8220;authority, not truth, makes the law&#8221;), is not Roman at all: it comes from Thomas Hobbes&#8217; <em>Leviathan<\/em> (Latin edition, 1668). Hobbes meant that a rule is law because a sovereign with authority has laid it down, not because it is wise or true.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why it matters today.<\/strong> The idea underlies legal positivism \u2013 the view that the validity of a law depends on its source, not its merit. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/category\/indian-constitution-1950\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"17\" title=\"constitution\">Indian Constitution<\/a> tempers this: Parliament&#8217;s authority to make law is itself limited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/fundamental-rights-and-duties-in-indian-constitution\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"18\" title=\"Fundamental Rights and Duties in Indian Constitution: Explained in Detail\">fundamental rights<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/understanding-article-13-of-the-indian-constitution\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"55\" title=\"Understanding Article 13 of the Indian Constitution\">Article 13<\/a>) and by the basic structure doctrine laid down in <em>Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala<\/em> (1973). Authority makes law in India, but only within the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/category\/indian-constitution-1950\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"17\" title=\"constitution\">Constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"caveat\">Caveat \u2013 &#8220;let him beware&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> A formal warning. By itself the word signals a qualification (&#8220;with one caveat\u2026&#8221;); in court it is a notice asking to be heard before any order is passed against the person lodging it.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Indian practice.<\/strong> Section 148A of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (inserted in 1976) lets a person who expects an application to be filed against them lodge a caveat. The court must then give the caveator notice of any such application, and the applicant must serve the caveator with a copy of the application and supporting papers. A caveat lapses after 90 days unless the application has been filed. Caveats are also lodged against the grant of probate or letters of administration under the Indian Succession Act, 1925, and before many tribunals and High Courts under their own rules. A caveat does not decide anything; it only guarantees a hearing before an ex parte order is passed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"ceteris-paribus\">Ceteris paribus \u2013 &#8220;other things being equal&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> An assumption that all other factors stay constant while one is examined. The phrase belongs to economics and the sciences more than to the courtroom, but lawyers use it when isolating a single variable in an argument: &#8220;ceteris paribus, a later statute prevails over an earlier one.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>In legal reasoning.<\/strong> Indian courts apply the same discipline when they compare like with like \u2013 for example, when testing a classification under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/article-14-of-theindian-constitution\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"56\" title=\"&lt;strong&gt;In-Depth Analysis of Article 14 of the Indian Constitution&lt;\/strong&gt;\">Article 14<\/a> (whether persons who are &#8220;similarly situated&#8221; are being treated differently) or when assessing compensation by reference to comparable sale instances in land acquisition cases.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"forum-non-conveniens\">Forum non conveniens \u2013 &#8220;an inconvenient forum&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> A doctrine under which a court that has jurisdiction nevertheless declines to hear a case because another court is clearly more appropriate \u2013 usually because the parties, witnesses, evidence or governing law are located elsewhere.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Indian practice.<\/strong> The place of suing in civil matters is fixed by Sections 15 to 20 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/special-leave-petition-slp-meaning-features-process-and-who-can-file-it\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"15\" title=\"Special Leave Petition: Meaning, Features, Process and Who can file it ?\">Supreme Court<\/a> can transfer cases between States under Section 25. Indian courts have applied forum non conveniens reasoning chiefly in cross-border <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/commercial-courts-act-2015-ultimate-guide-for-businesses-legal-professionals\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"69\" title=\"Commercial Courts Act, 2015: Ultimate Guide for Businesses &amp; Legal Professionals\">commercial<\/a> disputes and anti-suit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/injunction-lawyer-for-injunction-cases\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"25\" title=\"Understanding Injunctions in India: Types &amp; Process | Best Lawyer for Injunction\">injunctions<\/a>: in <em>Modi Entertainment Network v. W.S.G. Cricket Pte Ltd<\/em> (2003) 4 SCC 341 the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/special-leave-petition-slp-meaning-features-process-and-who-can-file-it\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"15\" title=\"Special Leave Petition: Meaning, Features, Process and Who can file it ?\">Supreme Court<\/a> laid down when an Indian court may restrain a party from suing abroad and when it should respect the parties&#8217; chosen forum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/lawyer-for-writ-petition\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"16\" title=\"Writ Petition - Types, Important Judgements, How and When to File | Lawyer for Writ Petition\">Writ<\/a> courts also use the principle to refuse petitions better heard by another High Court or by a specialised tribunal.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"in-propria-persona\">In propria persona \u2013 &#8220;in one&#8217;s own person&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> Appearing in court for oneself, without an advocate. Often shortened to &#8220;in pro per&#8221; or, in the United States, &#8220;pro se&#8221;. Indian courts use the expression &#8220;party in person&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Indian practice.<\/strong> Order III of the Code of Civil Procedure allows a party to appear &#8220;in person, or by his recognised agent, or by a pleader&#8221;, and Section 32 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lets a court permit any person to appear before it in a particular case. The Supreme Court and most High Courts have rules requiring a party in person to be screened or to seek permission before arguing, so that court time is used properly. A litigant who appears in person is held to the same procedural rules as a lawyer, which is why courts often appoint an <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-10\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"119\" title=\"Amicus Curiae - Legal Maxim of the Day\">amicus curiae<\/a><\/em> or refer the litigant to the Legal Services Authority.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"nolle-prosequi\">Nolle prosequi \u2013 &#8220;to be unwilling to pursue&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> A formal entry by the prosecution that it will not proceed with a charge. In English and American practice it ends the prosecution without an acquittal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Indian practice.<\/strong> The Indian equivalent is <em>withdrawal from prosecution<\/em>. Under Section 321 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 \u2013 now Section 360 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 \u2013 the Public Prosecutor may, with the consent of the court, withdraw from the prosecution of any person before judgment. If withdrawal happens before a charge is framed the accused is discharged; if after, the accused is acquitted. The court must satisfy itself that the withdrawal serves the ends of justice and is not made for extraneous reasons, and the BNSS now requires the court to hear the victim before granting consent.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"non-obstante\">Non obstante \u2013 &#8220;notwithstanding&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Non obstante verdicto.<\/strong> In jury systems, a &#8220;judgment notwithstanding the verdict&#8221; (JNOV) lets a judge set aside a jury&#8217;s verdict that no reasonable jury could have reached. India abolished jury trials after the <em>Nanavati<\/em> case (1959), and the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 contains no jury provisions, so this form of the maxim has no direct application here.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The non obstante clause \u2013 which does matter in India.<\/strong> Indian statutes constantly use the words &#8220;notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force&#8221;. Such a <em>non obstante<\/em> clause gives the provision overriding effect over conflicting laws. Section 238 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/resolving-corporate-distress-indias-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-2016\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"135\" title=\"Resolving Corporate Distress - India&#039;s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016\">Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016<\/a> is a well-known example, and courts have repeatedly held that when two statutes both carry non obstante clauses, the later and more specific one generally prevails. Spotting a non obstante clause is one of the first things a lawyer does when two laws seem to collide.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"nunc-pro-tunc\">Nunc pro tunc \u2013 &#8220;now for then&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> An order made now but given effect from an earlier date, used to correct the record so that it reflects what the court actually decided or should have recorded at the time.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Indian practice.<\/strong> Section 152 of the Code of Civil Procedure allows a court to correct clerical or arithmetical mistakes in judgments, decrees and orders at any time, and Section 153 permits amendment of any proceeding to determine the real question in issue. In criminal matters, once a judgment is signed the court cannot alter it except to correct a clerical or arithmetical error (Section 362 CrPC, carried into the BNSS). The limit is the same everywhere: nunc pro tunc corrects the record of what was decided; it cannot be used to change the decision itself.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"quo-warranto\">Quo warranto \u2013 &#8220;by what authority?&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> A writ demanding that the holder of a public office show the legal authority under which they hold it. If the authority is missing, the court ousts the holder.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Indian practice.<\/strong> Quo warranto is one of the five writs the Supreme Court can issue under Article 32 and the High Courts under Article 226 of the Constitution. The settled conditions, drawn from cases such as <em>University of Mysore v. C.D. Govinda Rao<\/em> (AIR 1965 SC 491), are that the office must be a public office of a substantive character, created by the Constitution or a statute, and that the person must actually be holding it in breach of a legal requirement \u2013 for example, lacking a prescribed qualification or having been appointed by an incompetent authority. Because the writ protects the public rather than a private right, any member of the public can seek it; the usual requirement of personal <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-7\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"122\" title=\"Locus Standi - Legal Maxim of the Day\">locus standi<\/a><\/em> is relaxed. The writ does not lie against private offices or where the appointment is merely irregular rather than illegal.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"res-publica\">Res publica \u2013 &#8220;the public thing&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> The affairs of the state, the common good \u2013 the root of the English word &#8220;republic&#8221;. Roman writers used it for the body politic as a whole, as distinct from private concerns (<em>res privata<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why it matters in India.<\/strong> The Preamble declares India a &#8220;Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic&#8221;: the head of State is elected, not hereditary, and public power is held in trust for the people. The same idea animates the public trust doctrine, which the Supreme Court adopted in <em>M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath<\/em> (1997) 1 SCC 388 \u2013 natural resources are held by the State as trustee for the public, not as owner.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"subpoena\">Subpoena \u2013 &#8220;under penalty&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> A writ ordering a person to attend court to testify (<em>subpoena ad testificandum<\/em>) or to produce documents (<em>subpoena duces tecum<\/em>), under penalty for disobedience.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Indian practice.<\/strong> Indian procedure uses the word <em>summons<\/em> for the same thing. In civil cases Order XVI of the Code of Civil Procedure governs summons to witnesses and the production of documents; in criminal cases the summons provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure (now Chapter VI of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023) apply. A witness who ignores a summons can be brought by warrant, and courts may impose costs or penalties for non-attendance. Investigating officers can also require the production of documents under Section 91 CrPC (now Section 94 BNSS). The common thread with the Latin term is the &#8220;penalty&#8221;: attendance is compulsory, not optional.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"terra-nullius\">Terra nullius \u2013 &#8220;nobody&#8217;s land&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> Territory belonging to no State and therefore, in classical international law, open to acquisition by occupation. European powers invoked the idea to justify colonising inhabited lands by treating their peoples as having no recognisable sovereignty.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Where the law stands now.<\/strong> The International Court of Justice rejected the colonial version of the doctrine in its <em>Western Sahara<\/em> advisory opinion (1975), holding that territories inhabited by organised peoples were not <em>terra nullius<\/em>. The High Court of Australia followed in <em>Mabo v. Queensland (No 2)<\/em> (1992), recognising native title. Today the term survives mainly in disputes over genuinely unoccupied areas such as Antarctica (frozen by treaty) and in the history of colonial land law.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"veto\">Veto \u2013 &#8220;I forbid&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Meaning.<\/strong> The power of one authority to block a decision taken by another. In Rome the tribunes of the plebs could veto acts of the magistrates and Senate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Indian practice.<\/strong> Article 111 of the Constitution gives the President three options when a Bill passed by Parliament is presented: assent, withhold assent, or (for Bills other than Money Bills) return it for reconsideration. If Parliament passes the Bill again the President must assent. Because no time limit is fixed, a President can also simply not act \u2013 the &#8220;pocket veto&#8221; used by President Zail Singh on the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill, 1986. Governors have parallel powers over State Bills under Article 200, and in 2023\u201324 the Supreme Court has examined how long Governors may sit on Bills. Internationally, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council hold a veto over substantive resolutions under Article 27 of the UN Charter.<\/p>\n\n<h2>More legal maxims explained on this blog<\/h2>\n<p>Each of the maxims below has its own detailed article:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day\/\">Ab initio<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/actori-incumbit-probatio-legal-maxim\/\">Actori incumbit probatio<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-17\/\">Actus reus<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/ad-hoc-legal-maxim\/\">Ad hoc<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/ad-hominem\/\">Ad hominem<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/aequitas-sequitur-legem-legal-maxim\/\">Aequitas sequitur legem<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-10\/\">Amicus curiae<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-18\/\">Animus revertendi<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-31\/\">Audi alteram partem<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-15\/\">Consensus ad idem<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/detur-digniori-legal-maxim\/\">Detur digniori<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/dominus-litis-legal-maxim\/\">Dominus litis<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-13\/\">Habeas corpus<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/jus-ad-rem-legal-maxim\/\">Jus ad rem<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-14\/\">Lis alibi pendens<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/understanding-lis-pendens-in-india-a-comprehensive-guide-to-property-disputes\/\">Lis pendens<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-7\/\">Locus standi<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-11\/\">Mens rea<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/nemo-tenetur-accusare-se-ipsum-nisi-coram-deo-legal-maxim\/\">Nemo tenetur accusare se ipsum<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-2\/\">Obiter dictum<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/pacta-sunt-servanda-legal-maxim\/\">Pacta sunt servanda<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/pendente-lite-legal-maxim\/\">Pendente lite<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-12\/\">Prima facie<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-28\/\">Pro tanto<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-9\/\">Quid pro quo<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-29\/\">Ratio decidendi<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-3\/\">Res ipsa loquitur<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-32\/\">Respondeat superior<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-4\/\">Sine die<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-23\/\">Sub judice<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/suo-moto-legal-maxim-explained\/\">Suo motu<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-8\/\">Suppressio veri<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-30\/\">Ultra vires<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-34\/\">Volenti non fit injuria<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-quotes-an-unjust-law-is-no-law-at-all\/\">&#8220;An unjust law is no law at all&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<h3>Are Latin maxims binding law in India?<\/h3>\n<p>No. A maxim is a compressed statement of a principle, not a statute. It becomes binding only to the extent that the principle has been adopted in legislation (for example, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-31\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"98\" title=\"Audi Alteram Partem - Legal Maxim of the Day\">audi alteram partem<\/a><\/em> in the rules of natural justice) or in judgments of the Supreme Court and High Courts. Courts cite maxims as reasoning aids, and they yield to the express words of a statute.<\/p>\n<h3>Why do Indian lawyers still use Latin?<\/h3>\n<p>Indian procedural law was built on the English common-law system, which inherited these terms from Roman and medieval law. They survive because they are precise: &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-23\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"106\" title=\"Sub Judice - Legal Maxim of the Day\">sub judice<\/a>&#8221; or &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxim-of-the-day-7\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"122\" title=\"Locus Standi - Legal Maxim of the Day\">locus standi<\/a>&#8221; says in two words what would otherwise take a sentence. Courts and the Bar Council have, however, encouraged plainer drafting, and judgments increasingly explain a maxim in English the first time it is used.<\/p>\n<h3>Where can I check the current section numbers after the 2023 criminal law reforms?<\/h3>\n<p>The Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure and Indian Evidence Act were replaced from 1 July 2024 by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-code-comparison-tool\/\">legal code comparison tool<\/a> maps old section numbers to the new ones.<\/p>\n\n<p><em>This page is for general information and is not <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-consultancy-services\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"140\" title=\"Expert Legal Consultation in a Wide Range of Areas\">legal advice<\/a>. For <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-consultancy-services\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"140\" title=\"Expert Legal Consultation in a Wide Range of Areas\">advice<\/a> on a specific matter, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/contact.php\">contact Century Law Firm<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"clf-related\" style=\"margin:28px 0 8px;padding:16px 20px;border:1px solid #e3e3e3;border-radius:6px;background:#fafafa\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:700\">Related reading<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0;padding-left:20px\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/aequitas-sequitur-legem-legal-maxim\/\">Aequitas sequitur legem &#8211; Legal Maxim<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/jus-ad-rem-legal-maxim\/\">Jus ad rem.- Legal Maxim<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/actori-incumbit-probatio-legal-maxim\/\">Actori incumbit probatio &#8211; Legal Maxim<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plain-English explanations of 14 Latin legal maxims \u2013 quo warranto, caveat, nolle prosequi, nunc pro tunc, subpoena, veto and more \u2013 with the Indian statutes and judgments where each one applies, plus an index of 35 further maxims explained on this blog.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[386],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4457","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-legal-maxims"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Legal Maxims Explained: Meaning and Use in Indian Courts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Plain-English guide to the Latin maxims used in Indian courts \u2013 meaning, origin and how judges apply each one \u2013 from Century Law Firm, Delhi.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.centurylawfirm.in\/blog\/legal-maxims-explained\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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