IPC to BNS Section Converter | CrPC to BNSS, IEA to BSA Comparison

Compare IPC with BNS, CrPC with BNSS, IEA with BSA

Looking up a section of the Indian Penal Code to find it in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita.

Every section of the three old Acts and the three new ones is here, with the full text of the new section, what changed, and for BNS offences whether they are cognizable, bailable and compoundable. Pick the Acts above, then type a section number or a word from its heading.

Often looked up

IPC 302 Punishment for murder
IPC 420 Cheating (delivery of property)
IPC 498A Cruelty by husband or relatives
IPC 376 Punishment for rape
IPC 307 Attempt to murder
IPC 323 Voluntarily causing hurt
IPC 406 Criminal breach of trust
IPC 506 Criminal intimidation
IPC 120B Criminal conspiracy
IPC 34 Common intention
CrPC 41A Notice of appearance to police
CrPC 125 Maintenance of wife and children
CrPC 154 First information report
CrPC 438 Anticipatory bail
CrPC 482 Inherent powers of High Court
IEA 65B Electronic records

Browse the complete section-by-section tables

Important notice

While all due care has been taken in developing this application and compiling the data, users are advised to refer to the original legislative texts for authoritative information. Century Law Firm bears no responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies. This tool is provided for reference purposes only and should not be considered as legal advice or a substitute for professional legal consultation.

Section texts are taken from the Acts as published in the Gazette of India (Acts 45, 46 and 47 of 2023) and checked against the Ministry of Home Affairs' corresponding-section tables. Classification of offences (cognizable, bailable, court) is from the First Schedule to the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, and compounding from its section 359. State amendments are not covered. Last reviewed: October 2026.

What changed on 1 July 2024

Three new criminal codes replaced India’s colonial-era statutes on 1 July 2024. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) replaced the Indian Penal Code, 1860; the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) replaced the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. All three received the President’s assent on 25 December 2023 and were brought into force by notifications issued in February 2024.

Most provisions were carried forward with new section numbers – the BNS has 358 sections against the IPC’s 511, the BNSS 531 against the CrPC’s 484, and the BSA 170 against the Evidence Act’s 167 – so the day-to-day problem for litigants, police officers, students and lawyers is simply finding the new number. That is what this tool does: pick the old or the new Act, type a section, and it shows the matching provision, its subject and a short note on what, if anything, changed.

Which law applies to my case?

Offence committed before 1 July 2024: the IPC continues to apply to the offence and the punishment, because Article 20(1) of the Constitution forbids punishing anyone under a law that was not in force when the act was done. The FIR, charge-sheet and judgment will cite IPC sections even if they are filed later.
Offence committed on or after 1 July 2024: the BNS applies, and the BNSS governs the investigation and trial.
Investigation, trial or appeal already pending on 1 July 2024: Section 531 of the BNSS saves them – they continue under the CrPC as if the new code had not been passed. New proceedings started after that date, even for an old offence, follow the BNSS.
Evidence: Section 170 of the BSA likewise keeps the Evidence Act alive for trials and inquiries that were pending on 1 July 2024; later proceedings follow the BSA.

Most-searched IPC sections and their BNS equivalents

IPC (1860)	Subject	BNS (2023)
34	Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention	3(5)
120B	Punishment for criminal conspiracy	61(2)
124A	Sedition	Repealed; nearest provision is 152 (acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India)
141 / 147 / 149	Unlawful assembly / rioting / common object	189(1) / 191(2) / 190
153A	Promoting enmity between groups	196
201	Causing disappearance of evidence	238
279	Rash driving on a public way	281
299 / 300	Culpable homicide / murder (definitions)	100 / 101
302	Punishment for murder	103(1)
304	Culpable homicide not amounting to murder	105
304A	Causing death by negligence	106(1) – maximum raised from 2 to 5 years
304B	Dowry death	80
306	Abetment of suicide	108
307	Attempt to murder	109
323 / 325	Punishment for hurt / grievous hurt	115(2) / 117(2)
324 / 326	Hurt / grievous hurt by dangerous weapons	118(1) / 118(2)
341 / 342	Wrongful restraint / wrongful confinement	126(2) / 127(2)
354 / 354A / 354D	Outraging modesty / sexual harassment / stalking	74 / 75 / 78
363 / 366	Kidnapping / kidnapping to compel marriage	137(2) / 87
375 / 376	Rape – definition / punishment	63 / 64
377	Unnatural offences	No equivalent in the BNS
378 / 379 / 380	Theft / punishment / theft in a dwelling house	303(1) / 303(2) / 305
383 / 384	Extortion / punishment	308(1) / 308(2)
392 / 395	Robbery / dacoity – punishment	309(4) / 310(2)
406 / 409	Criminal breach of trust / by public servant, banker or agent	316(2) / 316(5)
415 / 420	Cheating / cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property	318(1) / 318(4)
441 / 447 / 448	Criminal trespass / punishment / house-trespass	329(1) / 329(3) / 329(4)
463 / 465 / 468 / 471	Forgery / punishment / forgery for cheating / using a forged document	336(1) / 336(2) / 336(3) / 340(2)
494	Bigamy	82(1)
498A	Cruelty by husband or his relatives	85 (definition of cruelty in 86)
499 / 500	Defamation / punishment	356(1) / 356(2) – community service added as a punishment
503 / 506	Criminal intimidation / punishment	351(1) / 351(2)–(3)
504 / 509	Intentional insult / insulting the modesty of a woman	352 / 79
511	Attempt to commit an offence	62

CrPC to BNSS: the procedure sections people look up most

CrPC (1973)	Subject	BNSS (2023)
41 / 41A	When police may arrest without warrant / notice of appearance	35 / 35(3)
46 / 50 / 57	How arrest is made / grounds of arrest / 24-hour rule	43 / 47 / 58
82	Proclamation for absconding person	84
91 / 93	Summons to produce documents / search warrant	94 / 96
125	Maintenance of wives, children and parents	144
144	Orders in urgent cases of nuisance or danger	163
154 / 156	FIR in cognizable cases / police power to investigate	173 / 175 – FIR may be given electronically; zero FIR recognised
161 / 164	Examination of witnesses / recording of confessions and statements	180 / 183
167	Remand when investigation is not complete in 24 hours	187
173	Police report (charge-sheet)	193 – further investigation to be completed in 90 days unless the court permits more
190 / 200 / 202 / 204	Cognizance / examination of complainant / inquiry / issue of process	210 / 223 / 225 / 227
227 / 239	Discharge (sessions / warrant cases)	250 / 262
251 / 256	Summons cases – substance of accusation / absence of complainant	274 / 279
300	Double jeopardy	337
311 / 313 / 319	Summoning material witness / examining the accused / adding an accused	348 / 351 / 358
320 / 321	Compounding of offences / withdrawal from prosecution	359 / 360
357A	Victim compensation scheme	396
362	Court not to alter judgment	403
372 / 374 / 378	Appeals – general / from conviction / against acquittal	413 / 415 / 419
389	Suspension of sentence pending appeal	430
397 / 401	Revision – calling for records / High Court’s powers	438 / 442
406 / 407	Transfer of cases by Supreme Court / High Court	446 / 447
437 / 438 / 439	Bail in non-bailable offences / anticipatory bail / High Court and Sessions powers	480 / 482 / 483
436A	Release of undertrial after half the maximum sentence	479 – first-time offenders released after one-third
451 / 457	Custody and disposal of property / release of seized property (superdari)	497 / 503
468	Limitation for taking cognizance	514
482	Inherent powers of the High Court (quashing)	528

Indian Evidence Act to BSA

Evidence Act (1872)	Subject	BSA (2023)
3	Definitions – electronic records now expressly included in “document”	2
6 / 8	Res gestae / motive, preparation and conduct	4 / 6
24 / 25 / 27	Confessions – inducement / to police / discovery statements	22(1) / 23(1) / proviso to 23(2)
32	Statements of persons who are dead (dying declaration)	26
45	Opinion of experts	39(1)
59 / 60	Oral evidence / must be direct	54 / 55
62 / 63	Primary / secondary evidence	57 / 58
65A / 65B	Electronic records – admissibility and certificate	62 / 63 – certificate now in a prescribed form, signed by the person in charge and an expert
68	Proof of attested documents (wills)	67
90	Presumption as to thirty-year-old documents	92
101 / 106	Burden of proof / facts especially within knowledge	104 / 109
113A / 113B / 114A	Presumptions – abetment of suicide by married woman / dowry death / consent in rape	117 / 118 / 120
122 / 126	Privilege – marital communications / advocate-client	128 / 132
137 / 141 / 145 / 154	Examination of witnesses / leading questions / contradiction / hostile witness	142 / 146 / 148 / 157
165	Judge’s power to put questions	168

Key changes worth knowing

Community service is a punishment for the first time (Section 4(f) BNS), available for petty offences such as public drunkenness, defamation and small thefts.
New offences: organised crime (Section 111), petty organised crime (112), terrorism (113), murder by a group on grounds of race, caste, community or similar – mob lynching (103(2)), snatching (304) and sexual intercourse on a false promise of marriage (69).
Sedition (124A IPC) has gone; Section 152 BNS punishes acts endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
Hit-and-run: Section 106(2) BNS (up to ten years for fleeing after causing death by rash driving) was enacted but its commencement was deferred after protests by transporters; check its status before relying on it.
FIR and investigation: an FIR can be lodged electronically and at any police station (zero FIR), to be signed within three days (Section 173 BNSS); forensic examination is mandatory for offences punishable with seven years or more (176(3)); the accused must be told of the progress of the investigation within 90 days (193(3)).
Timelines: charges to be framed within 60 days of the first hearing (251 BNSS), judgment within 30 days of the close of arguments, extendable to 45 for reasons recorded (258), and mercy petitions within fixed periods (472).
Trial in absentia of proclaimed offenders is now possible (Section 356 BNSS), and handcuffing is expressly regulated (43(3)).
Undertrials: a first-time offender who has spent one-third of the maximum sentence in custody must be released on bond (Section 479 BNSS), against one-half under the old Section 436A.
Electronic evidence is treated as a document and as primary evidence where it is stored in multiple files or storage spaces (Sections 2(1)(d) and 57 BSA); the Section 65B certificate survives as Section 63(4) with a prescribed form.

Frequently asked questions

Is the IPC still in force?

The Indian Penal Code was repealed by Section 358 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita with effect from 1 July 2024, but it continues to govern offences committed before that date. Cases about earlier incidents will still be registered, tried and decided under IPC sections.

What is Section 302 IPC called now?

Punishment for murder is Section 103(1) of the BNS. The definition of murder, formerly Section 300 IPC, is Section 101 BNS, and culpable homicide (Section 299) is Section 100.

What is Section 420 IPC in BNS?

Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property is Section 318(4) of the BNS. Section 318(1) defines cheating (old Section 415) and Section 318(2) carries the general punishment (old Section 417).

What is Section 498A IPC in the new law?

Cruelty by a husband or his relatives is Section 85 of the BNS, with the definition of cruelty in Section 86. The ingredients and the punishment (up to three years and fine) are unchanged.

Which section replaces Section 482 CrPC and Section 438 CrPC?

The inherent powers of the High Court (quashing of FIRs and proceedings) are now in Section 528 of the BNSS. Anticipatory bail (old Section 438) is Section 482 BNSS, regular bail in non-bailable offences (437) is Section 480, and the special powers of the High Court and Court of Session (439) are in Section 483.

Does my pending case switch to the new codes?

No. Under Section 531 BNSS, an investigation, trial, appeal or application that was pending on 1 July 2024 continues under the CrPC, and under Section 170 BSA the Evidence Act keeps applying to pending trials. Only proceedings started after that date follow the new codes, and the substantive offence is always judged by the law in force when it was committed.

Is IPC section 377 in the BNS?

No. The BNS has no provision corresponding to section 377 of the IPC. Section 497 (adultery) and section 309 (attempt to commit suicide) are also omitted; sedition under section 124A is replaced by section 152 (acts endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India), which is worded differently.

When did the BNS, BNSS and BSA come into force?

On 1 July 2024, under notifications dated 23 February 2024. All three Acts received the assent of the President on 25 December 2023. Sub-section (2) of section 106 of the BNS has not been brought into force.

What is section 65B of the Evidence Act in the BSA?

Section 65B (admissibility of electronic records) is section 63 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023. The certificate is now in the form given in the Schedule to the BSA.

How many sections do the new laws have?

The BNS has 358 sections in 20 chapters (the IPC had 511), the BNSS has 531 sections in 39 chapters (the CrPC had 484), and the BSA has 170 sections (the Evidence Act had 167).

Where does the text in this tool come from?

From the Acts as published in the Gazette of India on 25 December 2023 (Acts 45, 46 and 47 of 2023), checked against the Ministry of Home Affairs’ corresponding-section tables. The classification of offences (cognizable, bailable, which court) is from the First Schedule to the BNSS. State amendments are not covered. Always confirm against the official text before relying on it.

Is this tool free?

Yes. It is free to use on this website and inside the CLF Legal Tools app, with no sign-up.

Legal Sections Explained – plain-English guides to the most important sections of the old and new codes
The three new codes: an analysis of the reform
Bail in India – regular and anticipatory bail under the BNSS
Quashing of FIR under Section 528 BNSS (formerly 482 CrPC)

The tables above are a quick reference prepared by Century Law Firm, Delhi, from the texts of the three Acts; the tool itself covers every section of all six statutes. Always confirm the current text in the bare Act before relying on it in a filing.

Have a correction or suggestion? Email us at info@centurylawfirm.in

Cite or link to this tool

This tool is free to use and to reference. Law students, journals, legal-aid clinics and other websites are welcome to link to it. Suggested citation: Century Law Firm, “IPC–BNS / CrPC–BNSS / IEA–BSA Legal Code Comparison Tool”, centurylawfirm.in, https://www.centurylawfirm.in/blog/legal-code-comparison-tool/. To link from your own page, copy this HTML:

<a href="https://www.centurylawfirm.in/blog/legal-code-comparison-tool/">IPC–BNS / CrPC–BNSS / IEA–BSA Legal Code Comparison Tool – Century Law Firm</a>

What is new in the BNS, and what has gone

The BNS keeps the substance of the IPC but renumbers it, merges many sections into sub-sections, raises several fines and sentences, adds community service as a punishment (section 4), and brings in offences that the IPC did not have. The most important additions (click a section to open its text in the tool):

BNS section	New provision
BNS 69	Sexual intercourse by employing deceitful means or by a false promise of marriage
BNS 95	Hiring, employing or engaging a child to commit an offence
BNS 103(2)	Murder by a group of five or more persons on the ground of race, caste, community, sex, place of birth, language or personal belief (often called mob lynching)
BNS 111	Organised crime
BNS 112	Petty organised crime
BNS 113	Terrorist act
BNS 117(3)	Grievous hurt causing a permanent disability or persistent vegetative state
BNS 117(4)	Grievous hurt by a group of five or more persons on the ground of race, caste, community, sex, place of birth, language or personal belief
BNS 152	Acts endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India (sedition, section 124A of the IPC, is omitted)
BNS 226	Attempt to commit suicide to compel or restrain the exercise of lawful power
BNS 304	Snatching
BNS 106(2)	Causing death by rash or negligent driving and escaping without reporting it (not yet in force)

Some IPC provisions have no counterpart at all. The ones most often asked about are below; every omitted section of the IPC, the CrPC and the Evidence Act, and every new provision of the three new Acts, is listed in the conversion tables that follow.

IPC section	Subject	What happened to it
IPC 124A	Sedition.	Omitted. The offence of sedition by that name is not retained. The nearest corresponding provision is section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (acts endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India), which is differently worded.
IPC 309	Attempt to commit suicide.	Omitted. An attempt to commit suicide is not, by itself, an offence under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (see also section 115 of the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017). Section 226 of the BNS punishes an attempt to commit suicide made with intent to compel or restrain a public servant from discharging his official duty.
IPC 310	Thug.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 has no provision on thugs; organised crime is dealt with by section 111 of the BNS.
IPC 311	Punishment (for being a thug).	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 has no provision on thugs; organised crime is dealt with by section 111 of the BNS.
IPC 377	Unnatural offences.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to section 377 of the IPC.
IPC 497	Adultery.	Omitted. Adultery was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018) and is not an offence under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
IPC 264	Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing.	Omitted. The offences relating to false weights and measures (IPC sections 264 to 267) have no corresponding provision in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; see the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
IPC 265	Fraudulent use of false weight or measure.	Omitted. The offences relating to false weights and measures (IPC sections 264 to 267) have no corresponding provision in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; see the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
IPC 266	Being in possession of false weight or measure.	Omitted. The offences relating to false weights and measures (IPC sections 264 to 267) have no corresponding provision in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; see the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
IPC 267	Making or selling false weight or measure.	Omitted. The offences relating to false weights and measures (IPC sections 264 to 267) have no corresponding provision in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; see the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
IPC 444	Lurking house-trespass by night.	Omitted as a separately defined offence. House-trespass and house-breaking committed after sunset and before sunrise are dealt with in section 331 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
IPC 446	House-breaking by night.	Omitted as a separately defined offence. House-trespass and house-breaking committed after sunset and before sunrise are dealt with in section 331 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

Compoundable offences under the BNS (section 359 of the BNSS)

An offence that is compoundable can be settled between the accused and the person wronged, and the composition has the effect of an acquittal. Section 359 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (which replaced section 320 of the CrPC) lists in two tables the offences of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita that may be compounded, and by whom: the first table without any leave, the second only with the permission of the Court before which the prosecution is pending. No other offence can be compounded (sub-section (9)); the abetment of, or an attempt to commit, a compoundable offence may be compounded in the same way (sub-section (3)). The tool above shows this for every BNS offence.

Compoundable by the person named, without the permission of the Court (37 entries):

BNS section	Offence	By whom it may be compounded
BNS 84	Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married woman.	The husband of the woman and the woman.
BNS 115(2)	Voluntarily causing hurt.	The person to whom the hurt is caused.
BNS 122(1)	Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation.	The person to whom the hurt is caused.
BNS 122(2)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on grave and sudden provocation.	The person to whom the hurt is caused.
BNS 126(2), BNS 127(2)	Wrongfully restraining or confining any person.	The person restrained or confined.
BNS 127(3)	Wrongfully confining a person for three days or more.	The person confined.
BNS 127(4)	Wrongfully confining a person for ten days or more.	The person confined.
BNS 127(6)	Wrongfully confining a person in secret.	The person confined.
BNS 131, BNS 133, BNS 136	Assault or use of criminal force.	The person assaulted or to whom criminal force is used.
BNS 302	Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the religious feelings of any person.	The person whose religious feelings are intended to be wounded.
BNS 303(2)	Theft.	The owner of the property stolen.
BNS 314	Dishonest misappropriation of property.	The owner of the property misappropriated.
BNS 316(3)	Criminal breach of trust by a carrier, wharfinger, etc.	The owner of the property in respect of which the breach of trust has been committed.
BNS 317(2)	Dishonestly receiving stolen property knowing it to be stolen.	The owner of the property stolen.
BNS 317(5)	Assisting in the concealment or disposal of stolen property, knowing it to be stolen.	The owner of the property stolen.
BNS 318(2)	Cheating.	The person cheated.
BNS 319(2)	Cheating by personation.	The person cheated.
BNS 320	Fraudulent removal or concealment of property, etc., to prevent distribution among creditors.	The creditors who are affected thereby.
BNS 321	Fraudulently preventing from being made available for his creditors a debt or demand due to the offender.	The creditors who are affected thereby.
BNS 322	Fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration.	The person affected thereby.
BNS 323	Fraudulent removal or concealment of property.	The person affected thereby.
BNS 324(2), BNS 324(4)	Mischief, when the only loss or damage caused is loss or damage to a private person.	The person to whom the loss or damage is caused.
BNS 325	Mischief by killing or maiming animal.	The owner of the animal.
BNS 326(a)	Mischief by injury to works of irrigation by wrongfully diverting water when the only loss or damage caused is loss or damage to private person.	The person to whom the loss or damage is caused.
BNS 329(3)	Criminal trespass.	The person in possession of the property trespassed upon.
BNS 329(4)	House-trespass.	The person in possession of the property trespassed upon.
BNS 332(c)	House-trespass to commit an offence (other than theft) punishable with imprisonment.	The person in possession of the house trespassed upon.
BNS 345(3)	Using a false trade or property mark.	The person to whom loss or injury is caused by such use.
BNS 347(1)	Counterfeiting a property mark used by another.	The person to whom loss or injury is caused by such use.
BNS 349	Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark.	The person to whom loss or injury is caused by such use.
BNS 351(2), BNS 351(3)	Criminal intimidation.	The person intimidated.
BNS 352	Insult intended to provoke a breach of peace.	The person insulted.
BNS 354	Inducing person to believe himself an object of divine displeasure.	The person induced.
BNS 356(2)	Defamation, except such cases as are specified against section 356(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, column 1 of the Table under sub-section (2).	The person defamed.
BNS 356(3)	Printing or engraving matter, knowing it to be defamatory.	The person defamed.
BNS 356(4)	Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter, knowing it to contain such matter.	The person defamed.
BNS 357	Criminal breach of contract of service.	The person with whom the offender has contracted.

Compoundable only with the permission of the Court (13 entries):

BNS section	Offence	By whom it may be compounded
BNS 79	Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman.	The woman whom it was intended to insult or whose privacy was intruded upon.
BNS 82(1)	Marrying again during the life-time of a husband or wife.	The husband or wife of the person so marrying.
BNS 88	Causing miscarriage.	The woman to whom miscarriage is caused.
BNS 117(2)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.	The person to whom hurt is caused.
BNS 125(a)	Causing hurt by doing an act so rashly and negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others.	The person to whom hurt is caused.
BNS 125(b)	Causing grievous hurt by doing an act so rashly and negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others.	The person to whom hurt is caused.
BNS 135	Assault or criminal force in attempting wrongfully to confine a person.	The person assaulted or to whom the force was used.
BNS 306	Theft, by clerk or servant of property in possession of master.	The owner of the property stolen.
BNS 316(2)	Criminal breach of trust.	The owner of the property in respect of which breach of trust has been committed.
BNS 316(4)	Criminal breach of trust by a clerk or servant.	The owner of the property in respect of which the breach of trust has been committed.
BNS 318(3)	Cheating a person whose interest the offender was bound, either by law or by legal contract, to protect.	The person cheated.
BNS 318(4)	Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property or the making, alteration or destruction of a valuable security.	The person cheated.
BNS 356(2)	Defamation against the President or the Vice-President or the Governor of the State or the Administrator of the Union territory or a Minister in respect of his public functions when instituted upon a complaint made by the public prosecutor.	The person defamed.

Section-by-section conversion tables

IPC to BNS section conversion table

Every section of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the corresponding section of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, in the order of the old Act. Click a section number to open its full text and the key changes in the tool above.

IPC to BNS: all 512 corresponding sections

IPC	BNS	Subject
1	1(1)	Short title, commencement and application.
2	1(3)	Punishment of offences committed within India.
3	1(4)	Punishment of offences committed beyond, which by law may be tried within, India.
4	1(5)	Short title, commencement and application- Extension of Code to extra-territorial offences.
5	1(6)	Short title, commencement and application-"Certain laws not to be affected by this Act".
6	3(1)	General explanations.
7	3(2)	General explanations- Sense of expression once explained.
8	2(10)	Gender.
9	2(22)	Number.
10	2(19)	Man.
10	2(35)	Woman.
11	2(26)	Person.
12	2(27)	Public.
17	2(12)	Government.
19	2(16)	Judge.
20	2(5)	"Court".
21	2(28)	Public servant.
22	2(21)	Movable property.
23 (para 1)	2(36)	Wrongful gain.
23 (para 2)	2(37)	Wrongful loss.
23 (para 3)	2(38)	Gaining wrongfully, losing wrongfully.
24	2(7)	"Dishonestly".
25	2(9)	Fraudulently.
26	2(29)	Reason to believe.
27	3(3)	General explanations- Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant.
28	2(4)	"Counterfeit".
29, 29A	2(8)	"Document".
29A	2(39)	Words and expressions used but not defined.
30	2(31)	Valuable security.
31	2(34)	Will.
32	3(4)	General explanations-"Words referring to acts include illegal omissions".
33	2(1)	"act".
33	2(25)	Omission.
34	3(5)	General explanations- Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention.
35	3(6)	General explanations- When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention.
36	3(7)	General explanations- Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission.
37	3(8)	General explanations- Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence.
38	3(9)	General explanations- Persons concerned in Criminal act may be guilty of different offences.
39	2(33)	Voluntarily.
40	2(24)	Offence.
41	2(30)	Special law.
42	2(18)	Local law.
43	2(15)	Illegal and legally bound to do.
44	2(14)	Injury.
45	2(17)	Life.
46	2(6)	"Death".
47	2(2)	"animal".
48	2(32)	Vessel.
49	2(20)	Month and year.
51	2(23)	Oath.
52	2(11)	Good faith.
52A	2(13)	Harbour.
53	4	Punishments.
54, 55	5	Commutation of sentence.
55A	5 Explanation	Commutation of sentence.
57	6	Fractions of terms of punishment.
60	7	Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple.
63	8(1)	Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.
64	8(2)	Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine.
65	8(3)	Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable.
66	8(4)	Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine.
67	8(5)	Imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when offence punishable with fine only.
68, 69	8(6)	Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine. Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine.
70	8(7)	Fine leviable within six years, or during imprisonment. Death not to discharge property from liability.
71	9	Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences.
72	10	Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, judgment stating that it is doubtful of which.
73	11	Solitary confinement.
74	12	Limit of solitary confinement.
75	13	Enhanced punishment for certain offences after previous conviction.
76	14	Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law.
77	15	Act of Judge when acting judicially.
78	16	Act done pursuant to judgment or order of Court.
79	17	Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law.
80	18	Accident in doing a lawful act.
81	19	Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm.
82	20	Act of a child under seven years of age.
83	21	Act of a child above seven and under twelve years of age of immature understanding.
84	22	Act of a person of unsound mind.
85	23	Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will.
86	24	Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated.
87	25	Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent.
88	26	Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit.
89	27	Act done in good faith for benefit of child or person of unsound mind, by, or by consent of guardian.
90	28	Consent known to be given under fear or misconception.
91	29	Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused.
92	30	Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent.
93	31	Communication made in good faith.
94	32	Act to which a person is compelled by threats.
95	33	Act causing slight harm.
96	34	Things done in private defence.
97	35	Right of private defence of body and of property.
98	36	Right of private defence against act of a person of unsound mind, etc.
99	37	Acts against which there is no right of private defence.
100	38	When right of private defence of body extends to causing death.
101	39	When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.
102	40	Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of body.
103	41	When right of private defence of property extends to causing death.
104	42	When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.
105	43	Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of property.
106	44	Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person.
107	45	Abetment of a thing.
108	46	Abettor.
108A	47	Abetment in India of offences outside India.
109	49	Punishment of abetment if act abetted is committed in consequence and where no express provision is made for its punishment.
110	50	Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor.
111	51	Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done.
112	52	Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done.
113	53	Liability of abettor for an effect caused by act abetted different from that intended by abettor.
114	54	Abettor present when offence is committed.
115	55	Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.
116	56	Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment.
117	57	Abetting commission of offence by public or by more than ten persons.
118	58	Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.
119	59	Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent.
120	60	Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment.
120A	61(1)	Criminal conspiracy definition.
120B	61(2)	Criminal conspiracy punishment.
121	147	Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against Government of India.
121A	148	Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by Section 147.
122	149	Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against Government of India.
123	150	Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war.
124	151	Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain exercise of any lawful power.
125	153	Waging war against Government of any Foreign State at peace with Government of India.
126	154	Committing depredation on territories of Foreign State at peace with Government of India.
127	155	Receiving property taken by war or depredation mentioned in Sections 153 and 154.
128	156	Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of State or war to escape.
129	157	Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape.
130	158	Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner.
131	159	Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty.
132	160	Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof.
133	161	Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office.
134	162	Abetment of such assault, if assault committed.
135	163	Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman.
136	164	Harbouring deserter.
137	165	Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master.
138	166	Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman.
139	167	Persons subject to certain Acts.
140	168	Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman.
141	189(1)	Unlawful assembly.
142, 143	189(2)	Unlawful assembly- Being member of unlawful assembly.
144	189(4)	Unlawful assembly- Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapon.—
145	189(3)	Unlawful assembly- Joining or continuing in unlawful assembly, knowing it has been commanded to disperse.
146	191(1)	Rioting-Offence defined.
147	191(2)	Rioting- Punishment for rioting.
148	191(3)	Rioting- Being armed with deadly weapon.—
149	190	Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object.
150	189(6)	Unlawful assembly- Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to join unlawful assembly.
151	189(5)	Unlawful assembly- Knowingly joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse.—
152	195(1)	Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.
152	195(2)	Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.
153	192	Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot if rioting be committed if not committed.
153A	196	Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony.
153B	197	Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration.
154	193(1)	Liability of owner, occupier, etc., of land on which an unlawful assembly or riot takes place.
155	193(2)	Liability of person for whose benefit riot is committed.
156	193(3)	Liability of agent of owner or occupier for whose benefit riot is committed.
157	189(7)	Unlawful assembly- Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly.
158	189(8)/(9)	Unlawful assembly- Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot. Or to go armed.
159	194(1)	Affray- defined.
160	194(2)	Punishment for Affray.
166	198	Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person.
166A	199	Public servant disobeying direction under law.
166B	200	Punishment for non-treatment of victim.
167	201	Public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury.
168	202	Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade.
169	203	Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property.
170	204	Personating a public servant.
171	205	Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent.
171A	169	Candidate, electoral right defined.
171B	170	Bribery.
171C	171	Undue influence at elections.
171D	172	Personation at elections.
171E	173	Punishment for bribery.
171F	174	Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election.
171G	175	False statement in connection with an election.
171H	176	Illegal payments in connection with an election.
171-I	177	Failure to keep election accounts.
172	206	Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding.
173	207	Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof.
174	208	Non-attendance in obedience to an order from public servant.
174A	209	Non-appearance in response to a proclamation under section 84 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita,2023.
175	210	Omission to produce document or electronic record to public servant by person, legally bound to produce it.
176	211	Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it.
177	212	Furnishing false information.
178	213	Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it.
179	214	Refusing to answer public servant authorised to question.
180	215	Refusing to sign statement.
181	216	False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorised to administer an oath or affirmation.
182	217	False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to injury of another person.
183	218	Resistance to taking of property by lawful authority of a public servant.
184	219	Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant.
185	220	Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant.
186	221	Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions.
187	222	Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance.
188	223	Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant.
189	224	Threat of injury to public servant.
190	225	Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant.
191	227	Giving false evidence.
192	228	Fabricating false evidence.
193	229	Punishment for false evidence.
194	230	Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence.
195	231	Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment.
195A	232	Threatening any person to give false evidence.
196	233	Using evidence known to be false.
197	234	Issuing or signing false certificate.
198	235	Using as true a certificate known to be false.
199	236	False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence.
200	237	Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false.
201	238	Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender.
202	239	Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform.
203	240	Giving false information respecting an offence committed.
204	241	Destruction of document or electronic record to prevent its production as evidence.
205	242	False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution.
206	243	Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution.
207	244	Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution.
208	245	Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due.
209	246	Dishonestly making false claim in Court.
210	247	Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due.
211	248	False charge of offence made with intent to injure.
212	249	Harbouring offender.
213	250	Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment.
214	251	Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender.
215	252	Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.
216	253	Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered.
216A	254	Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits.
217	255	Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture.
218	256	Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture.
219	257	Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc. contrary to law.
220	258	Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law.
221	259	Intentional omission to apprehend on part of public servant bound to apprehend.
222	260	Intentional omission to apprehend on part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed.
223	261	Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant.
224	262	Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension.
225	263	Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person.
225A	264	Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape, on part of public servant, in cases not otherwise provided for.
225B	265	Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension or escape or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for.
227	266	Violation of condition of remission of punishment.
228	267	Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding.
228A(1), (2)	72	Disclosure of identity of victim of certain offences etc.
228A(3)	73	Printing or publishing any matter relating to court proceedings without permission.
229	268	Personation of assessor.
229A	269	Failure by person released on bail bond or bond to appear in Court.
230 to 232, 246 to 249, 255, 489A	178	Counterfeiting coin, Government stamps, currency- notes or bank-notes.
233, 234, 235, 256, 257, 489D	181	Making or possessing instruments or materials for forging or counterfeiting coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank-notes.
237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 250, 251, 254, 258, 260, 489B	179	Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank-notes.
242, 243, 252, 253, 259, 489C	180	Possession of forged or counterfeit coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank-notes.
244	187	Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law.
245	188	Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint.
261	183	Effacing writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government.
262	184	Using Government stamp known to have been before used.
263	185	Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used.
263A	186	Prohibition of fictitious stamps.
268	270	Public nuisance.
269	271	Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.
270	272	Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.
271	273	Disobedience to quarantine rule.
272	274	Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale.
273	275	Sale of noxious food or drink.
274	276	Adulteration of drugs.
275	277	Sale of adulterated drugs.
276	278	Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation.
277	279	Fouling water of public spring or reservoir.
278	280	Making atmosphere noxious to health.
279	281	Rash driving or riding on a public way.
280	282	Rash navigation of vessel.
281	283	Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy.
282	284	Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel.
283	285	Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation.
284	286	Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance.
285	287	Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter.
286	288	Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance.
287	289	Negligent conduct with respect to machinery.
288	290	Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down, repairing or constructing buildings, etc.
289	291	Negligent conduct with respect to animal.
290	292	Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for.
291	293	Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue.
292	294	Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc.
293	295	Sale, etc., of obscene objects to child.
294	296	Obscene acts and songs.
294A	297	Keeping lottery office.
295	298	Injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult religion of any class.
295A	299	Deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings of any class, by insulting its religion or religious beliefs.
296	300	Disturbing religious assembly.
297	301	Trespassing on burial places, etc.
298	302	Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound religious feelings of any person.
299	100	Culpable homicide.
300	101	Murder.
301	102	Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended.
302	103(1)	Punishment for murder.
303	104	Punishment for murder by life-convict.
304	105	Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder.
304A	106(1)	Causing death by negligence.
304B	80	Dowry death.
305	107	Abetment of suicide of child or person of unsound mind.
306	108	Abetment of suicide.
307	109	Attempt to murder.
308	110	Attempt to commit culpable homicide.
312	88	Causing miscarriage.
313	89	Causing miscarriage without woman's consent.
314	90	Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage.
315	91	Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause to die after birth.
316	92	Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide.
317	93	Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years of age, by parent or person having care of it.
318	94	Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.
319	114	Hurt.
320	116	Grievous hurt.
321	115(1)	Voluntarily causing hurt.
322	117(1)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt punishment.
323	115(2)	Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt.
324	118(1)	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means.
325	117(2)	Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt.
326	118(2)	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means.
326A	124(1)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by use of acid etc.
326B	124(2)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by throwing or attempting to throw acid.
327	119(1)	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act.
328	123	Causing hurt by means of poison, etc., with intent to commit an offence.
329	119(2)	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act.
330	120(1)	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to extort confession or to compel restoration of property.
331	120(2)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property.
332	121(1)	Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty.
333	121(2)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty.
334	122(1)	Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation
335	122(2)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation.
336	125	Act endangering life or personal safety of others.
337	125(a)	Where hurt is caused.
338	125(b)	Where grievous hurt is caused.
339	126(1)	Wrongful restraint.
340	127(1)	Wrongful confinement.
341	126(2)	Punishment for Wrongful restraint.
342	127(2)	Punishment for Wrongful confinement.
343	127(3)	Wrongful confinement for three or more days.
344	127(4)	Wrongful confinement for ten or more days.
345	127(5)	Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation writ has been issued.
346	127(6)	Wrongful confinement in secret.
347	127(7)	Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act.
348	127(8)	Wrongful confinement to extort confession, or compel restoration of property.
349	128	Force.
350	129	Criminal force.
351	130	Assault.
352	131	Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation.
353	132	Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty.
354	74	Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.
354A	75	Sexual harassment.
354B	76	Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe.
354C	77	Voyeurism.
354D	78	Stalking.
355	133	Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour person, otherwise than on grave provocation.
356	134	Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person.
357	135	Assault or criminal force in attempt to wrongfully confine a person.
358	136	Assault or criminal force on grave provocation.
359	137(1)	Kidnapping.
360	137(1)(a)	Kidnapping from India.
361	137(1)(b)	Kidnapping from lawful guardianship.
362	138	Abduction.
363	137(2)	Punishment for kidnapping.
363A	139	Kidnapping or maiming a child for purposes of begging.
364	140(1)	Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder, etc.
364A	140(2)	Kidnapping for ransom, etc.
365	140(3)	Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine person.
366	87	Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc.
366A	96	Procuration of child.
366B	141	Importation of girl or boy from foreign country.
367	140(4)	Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc.
368	142	Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person.
369	97	Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years of age with intent to steal from its person.
370	143	Trafficking of person.
370A	144	Exploitation of a trafficked person.
371	145	Habitual dealing in slaves.
372	98	Selling child for purposes of prostitution, etc.
373	99	Buying child for purposes of prostitution, etc.
374	146	Unlawful compulsory labour.
375	63	Rape.
376(1), 376(2)	64	Punishment for rape.
376(3)	65(1)	Punishment for rape in certain cases- rape on a woman under sixteen years.
376A	66	Punishment for causing death or resulting in persistent vegetative state of victim.
376AB	65(2)	Punishment for rape in certain cases- rape on a woman under twelve years.
376B	67	Sexual intercourse by husband upon his wife during separation.
376C	68	Sexual intercourse by a person in authority.
376D	70(1)	Gang rape.
376DA, 376DB	70(2)	Gang rape on women under the age of eighteen.
376E	71	Punishment for repeat offenders.
378	303(1)	Theft.
379	303(2)	Punishment for theft.
380	305	Theft in a dwelling house, or means of transportation or place of worship, etc.
381	306	Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master.
382	307	Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to committing of theft.
383	308(1)	Extortion.
384	308(2)	Extortion punishment.
385	308(3)	Putting person in fear of injury in order to commit extortion.
386	308(5)	Extortion by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt.
387	308(4)	Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt, in order to commit extortion.
388	308(7)	Extortion by threat of accusation of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, etc.
389	308(6)	Putting person in fear of accusation of offence, in order to commit extortion.
390	309(1),(2),(3)	Robbery- When theft is robbery When extortion is robbery.
391	310(1)	Dacoity definition.
392	309(4)	Robbery- Punishment for robbery.
393	309(5)	Robbery- Attempt to commit robbery.
394	309(6)	Robbery- Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery.
395	310(2)	Dacoity punishment .
396	310(3)	Dacoity with murder.
397	311	Robbery or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt.
398	312	Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon.
399	310(4)	Making preparation to commit dacoity.
400	310(6)	Punishment for belonging to gang of dacoits.
401	313	Punishment for belonging to gang of robbers, etc.
402	310(5)	Assembling for purpose of committing dacoity.
403	314	Dishonest misappropriation of property.
404	315	Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death.
405	316(1)	Criminal breach of trust.
406	316(2)	Punishment for criminal breach of trust.
407	316(3)	Criminal breach of trust by carrier, etc.
408	316(4)	Criminal breach of trust by clerk or servant.
409	316(5)	Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent.
410	317(1)	Stolen property.
411	317(2)	Dishonestly receiving stolen property.
412	317(3)	Dishonestly receiving property stolen in the commission of a dacoity.
413	317(4)	Habitually dealing in stolen property.
414	317(5)	Assisting in concealment of stolen property.
415	318(1)	Cheating.
416	319(1)	Cheating by personation.
417	318(2)	Cheating punishment.
418	318(3)	Cheating with knowledge that wrongful loss may ensue to person whose interest offender is bound to protect.
419	319(2)	Cheating by personation punishment.
420	318(4)	Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property.
421	320	Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors.
422	321	Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors.
423	322	Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration.
424	323	Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property.
425	324(1)	Mischief.
426	324(2)	Mischief punishment.
427	324(4)	Mischief causing damage to the amount of twenty thousand rupees and more but less than one lakh rupees.
428, 429	325	Mischief by killing or maiming animal.
430	326(a)	Mischief by injury, inundation, fire or explosive substance, etc.
431	326(b)	Mischief by injury to public road, bridge, river or channel.
432	326(c)	Mischief by causing inundation or obstruction to public drainage attended with damage.
433	326(d)	Mischief by injury, inundation, fire or explosive substance, etc.
434	326(e)	Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land-mark fixed by public authority.
435	326(f)	Mischief by injury, inundation, fire or explosive substance, etc.
436	326(g)	Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy house, etc.
437	327(1)	Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a rail, aircraft, decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden.
438	327(2)	Punishment for above offence.
439	328	Punishment for intentionally running vessel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc.
440	324(6)	Mischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt.
441	329(1)	Criminal trespass and house- trespass.
442	329(2)	Criminal trespass and house- trespass.
443	330(1)	Lurking house trespass.
445	330(2)	House breaking.
447	329(3)	Criminal trespass punishment.
448	329(4)	Punishment for house- trespass.
449	332(a)	House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with death.
450	332(b)	House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment for life.
451	332(c)	House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment.
452	333	House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint.
453	331(1)	Punishment for house- trespass or house-breaking.
454	331(3)	Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment.
455	331(5)	Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint.
456	331(2)	Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night.
457	331(4)	Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment.
458	331(6)	Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after preparation for hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint.
459	331(7)	Grievous hurt caused whilst committing lurking house-trespass or house-breaking.
460	331(8)	All persons jointly concerned in lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night punishable where death or grievous hurt caused by one of them.
461	334(1)	Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property.
462	334(2)	Punishment for same offence when committed by person entrusted with custody.
463	336(1)	Forgery.
464	335	Making a false document.
465	336(2)	Forgery punishment.
466	337	Forgery of record of Court or of public register, etc.
467	338	Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.
468	336(3)	Forgery for purpose of cheating.
469	336(4)	Forgery for purpose of harming reputation.
470	340(1)	Forged document or electronic record. and using it as genuine.
471	340(2)	Using as genuine a forged document or electronic record.
472	341(1)	Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery, punishable under section 338.
473	341(2)	Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable otherwise.
474	339	Having possession of document described in Section 337 or Section 338, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine.
475	342(1)	Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in section 338, or possessing counterfeit marked material.
476	342(2)	Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents other than those described in section 338, or possessing counterfeit marked material.
477	343	Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc. of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security.
477A	344	Falsification of accounts.
479	345(1)	Property mark.
481	345(2)	Using a false property mark.
482	345(3)	Punishment for using a false property mark.
483	347(1)	Counterfeiting a property mark.
484	347(2)	Counterfeiting a mark used by a public servant.
485	348	Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a property mark.
486	349	Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark.
487	350(1)	Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods.
488	350(2)	Punishment for making use of any such false mark.
489	346	Tampering with property mark with intent to cause injury.
489E	182	Making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank-notes.
491	357	Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person.
493	81	Cohabitation caused by man deceitfully inducing belief of lawful marriage.
494	82(1)	Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife.
495	82(2)	Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife with concealment of former marriage from person with whom subsequent marriage is contracted.
496	83	Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage.
498	84	Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married Woman.
498A	85	Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.
498A Explanation	86	Cruelty defined.
499	356(1)	Defamation.
500	356(2)	Defamation punishment.
501	356(3)	Printing or engraving matter known to be defamatory.
502	356(4)	Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter.
503	351(1)	Criminal intimidation.
504	352	Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of peace.
505	353	Statements conducing to public mischief.
506	351(2)/(3)	Criminal intimidation punishment.
507	351(4)	Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication.
508	354	Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of Divine displeasure.
509	79	Word, gesture or act intended to insult modesty of a woman.
510	355	Misconduct in public by a drunken person.
511	62	Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment.
— (several sections)	2	Definitions.

New in the BNS: 21 provisions with no IPC equivalent

BNS	Subject
1(2)	Commencement.
2(3)	"child".
48	Abetment outside India for offence in India.
69	Sexual intercourse by employing deceitful means etc.
95	Hiring, employing or engaging a child to commit an offence.
103(2)	Punishment for murder.
106(2)	Causing death by negligence.
111	Organised crime.
112	Petty organised crime.
113	Terrorist act.
117(3)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.
117(4)	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.
152	Act endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
197(1)(d)	Makes or publishes false or misleading information, jeopardising the sovereignty, unity and integrity or security of India.
226	Attempt to commit suicide to compel or restrain exercise of lawful power.
304	Snatching.
324(3)	Mischief - causes loss or damage to any property including the property of Government or Local Authority.
324(5)	Mischief- cause loss or damage to amount of one lakh rupees onwards.
341(3)	Possesses any seal, plate or other instrument knowing the same to be counterfeit.
341(4)	Fraudulently or dishonestly uses as genuine any seal, plate or other instrument knowing or having reason to believe the same to be counterfeit.
358	Repeal and Savings.

IPC sections omitted: 18 provisions with no BNS equivalent

IPC	Subject	Note
14	"Servant of Government".	Omitted. The definition of "servant of Government" is not carried into the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
18	"India".	Omitted. The definition of "India" is not carried into the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
50	"Section".	Omitted. The definition of "section" is not carried into the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
53A	Construction of reference to transportation.	Omitted. Section 53A of the IPC (construction of references to "transportation") is not carried into the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
124A	Sedition.	Omitted. The offence of sedition by that name is not retained. The nearest corresponding provision is section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (acts endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India), which is differently worded.
153AA	Punishment for knowingly carrying arms in any procession or organising, or holding or taking part in any mass drill or mass training with arms.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to section 153AA of the IPC.
236	Abetting in India the counterfeiting out of India of coin.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to section 236 of the IPC.
264	Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing.	Omitted. The offences relating to false weights and measures (IPC sections 264 to 267) have no corresponding provision in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; see the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
265	Fraudulent use of false weight or measure.	Omitted. The offences relating to false weights and measures (IPC sections 264 to 267) have no corresponding provision in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; see the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
266	Being in possession of false weight or measure.	Omitted. The offences relating to false weights and measures (IPC sections 264 to 267) have no corresponding provision in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; see the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
267	Making or selling false weight or measure.	Omitted. The offences relating to false weights and measures (IPC sections 264 to 267) have no corresponding provision in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; see the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
309	Attempt to commit suicide.	Omitted. An attempt to commit suicide is not, by itself, an offence under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (see also section 115 of the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017). Section 226 of the BNS punishes an attempt to commit suicide made with intent to compel or restrain a public servant from discharging his official duty.
310	Thug.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 has no provision on thugs; organised crime is dealt with by section 111 of the BNS.
311	Punishment (for being a thug).	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 has no provision on thugs; organised crime is dealt with by section 111 of the BNS.
377	Unnatural offences.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to section 377 of the IPC.
444	Lurking house-trespass by night.	Omitted as a separately defined offence. House-trespass and house-breaking committed after sunset and before sunrise are dealt with in section 331 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
446	House-breaking by night.	Omitted as a separately defined offence. House-trespass and house-breaking committed after sunset and before sunrise are dealt with in section 331 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
497	Adultery.	Omitted. Adultery was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018) and is not an offence under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

CrPC to BNSS section conversion table

Every section of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the corresponding section of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, in the order of the old Act. Click a section number to open its full text and the key changes in the tool above.

CrPC to BNSS: all 545 corresponding sections

CrPC	BNSS	Subject
1	1	Short title, extent and commencement.
2	2	Definitions.
2(a)	2(1)(c)	"bailable offence".
2(b)	2(1)(f)	"charge".
2(c)	2(1)(g)	"cognizable offence".
2(d)	2(1)(h)	"complaint".
2(e)	2(1)(j)	"High Court".
2(g)	2(1)(k)	"inquiry".
2(h)	2(1)(l)	"investigation".
2(i)	2(1)(m)	"judicial proceeding".
2(j)	2(1)(n)	"local jurisdiction".
2(l)	2(1)(o)	"non-cognizable offence".
2(m)	2(1)(p)	"notification".
2(n)	2(1)(q)	"offence".
2(o)	2(1)(r)	"officer in charge of a police station".
2(p)	2(1)(s)	"place".
2(r)	2(1)(t)	"police report".
2(s)	2(1)(u)	"police station".
2(u)	2(1)(v)	"Public Prosecutor".
2(v)	2(1)(w)	"sub-division".
2(w)	2(1)(x)	"summons-case".
2(wa)	2(1)(y)	"victim".
2(x)	2(1)(z)	"warrant-case".
2(y)	2(2)	Words and expressions used.
3	3	Construction of references.
4	4	Trial of offences under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and other laws.
5	5	Saving.
6	6	Classes of Criminal Courts.
7	7	Territorial divisions.
9	8	Court of Session.
11	9	Courts of Judicial Magistrates.
12	10	Chief Judicial Magistrate and Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, etc.
13	11	Special Judicial Magistrates.
14	12	Local jurisdiction of Judicial Magistrates.
15	13	Subordination of Judicial Magistrates.
20	14	Executive Magistrates.
21	15	Special Executive Magistrates.
22	16	Local Jurisdiction of Executive Magistrates.
23	17	Subordination of Executive Magistrates.
24	18	Public Prosecutors.
25	19	Assistant Public Prosecutors.
25A	20	Directorate of Prosecution.
26	21	Courts by which offences are triable.
28	22	Sentences which High Courts and Sessions Judges may pass.
29	23	Sentences which Magistrates may pass.
30	24	Sentence of imprisonment in default of fine.
31	25	Sentence in cases of conviction of several offences at one trial.
32	26	Mode of conferring powers.
33	27	Powers of officers appointed.
34	28	Withdrawal of powers.
35	29	Powers of Judges and Magistrates exercisable by their successors-in-office.
36	30	Powers of superior officers of police.
37	31	Public when to assist Magistrates and police.
38	32	Aid to person, other than police officer, executing warrant.
39	33	Public to give information of certain offences.
40	34	Duty of officers employed in connection with affairs of a village to make certain report.
41, 41A	35	When police may arrest without warrant.
41B	36	Procedure of arrest and duties of officer making arrest.
41C	37	Designated Police Officer.
41D	38	Right of arrested person to meet an advocate of his choice during interrogation.
42	39	Arrest on refusal to give name and residence.
43	40	Arrest by private person and procedure on such arrest.
44	41	Arrest by Magistrate.
45	42	Protection of members of Armed Forces from arrest.
46	43	Arrest how made.
47	44	Search of place entered by person sought to be arrested.
48	45	Pursuit of offenders into other jurisdictions.
49	46	No unnecessary restraint.
50	47	Person arrested to be informed of grounds of arrest and of right to bail.
50A	48	Obligation of person making arrest to inform about arrest, etc., to relative or friend.
51	49	Search of arrested person.
52	50	Power to seize offensive weapons.
53	51	Examination of accused by medical practitioner at request of police officer.
53A	52	Examination of person accused of rape by medical practitioner.
54	53	Examination of arrested person by medical officer.
54A	54	Identification of person arrested.
55	55	Procedure when police officer deputes subordinate to arrest without warrant.
55A	56	Health and safety of arrested person.
56	57	Person arrested to be taken before Magistrate or officer in charge of police station.
57	58	Person arrested not to be detained more than twenty-four hours.
58	59	Police to report apprehensions.
59	60	Discharge of person apprehended.
60	61	Power, on escape, to pursue and retake.
60A	62	Arrest to be made strictly according to Sanhita.
61	63	Form of summons.
62	64	Summons how served.
63	65	Service of summons on corporate bodies, firms, and societies.
64	66	Service when persons summoned cannot be found.
65	67	Procedure when service cannot be effected as before provided.
66	68	Service on Government servant.
67	69	Service of summons outside local limits.
68	70	Proof of service in such cases and when serving officer not present.
69	71	Service of summons on witness.
70	72	Form of warrant of arrest and duration.
71	73	Power to direct security to be taken.
72	74	Warrants to whom directed.
73	75	Warrant may be directed to any person.
74	76	Warrant directed to police officer.
75	77	Notification of substance of warrant.
76	78	Person arrested to be brought before court without delay.
77	79	Where warrant may be executed.
78	80	Warrant forwarded for execution outside jurisdiction.
79	81	Warrant directed to police officer for execution outside jurisdiction.
80	82	Procedure on arrest of person against whom warrant issued.
81	83	Procedure by Magistrate before whom such person arrested is brought.
82	84	Proclamation for person absconding.
83	85	Attachment of property of person absconding.
84	87	Claims and objections to attachment.
85	88	Release, sale and restoration of attached property.
86	89	Appeal from order rejecting application for restoration of attached property.
87	90	Issue of warrant in lieu of, or in addition to, summons.
88	91	Power to take bond or bail bond for appearance.
89	92	Arrest on breach of bond or bail bond for appearance.
90	93	Provisions of this Chapter generally applicable to summons and warrants of arrest.
91	94	Summons to produce document or other thing.
92	95	Procedure as to letters.
93	96	When search-warrant may be issued.
94	97	Search of place suspected to contain stolen property, forged documents, etc.
95	98	Power to declare certain publications forfeited and to issue search-warrants for same.
96	99	Application to High Court to set aside declaration of forfeiture.
97	100	Search for persons wrongfully confined.
98	101	Power to compel restoration of abducted females.
99	102	Direction, etc, of search-warrants.
100	103	Persons in charge of closed place to allow search.
101	104	Disposal of things found in search beyond jurisdiction.
102	106	Power of police officer to seize certain property.
103	108	Magistrate may direct search in his presence.
104	109	Power to impound document, etc , produced.
105	110	Reciprocal arrangements regarding processes.
105A	111	Definitions.
105B	114	Assistance in securing transfer of persons.
105C	115	Assistance in relation to orders of attachment or forfeiture of property.
105D	116	Identifying unlawfully acquired property.
105E	117	Seizure or attachment of property.
105F	118	Management of properties seized or forfeited under this Chapter.
105G	119	Notice of forfeiture of property.
105H	120	Forfeiture of property in certain cases.
105I	121	Fine in lieu of forfeiture.
105J	122	Certain transfers to be null and void.
105K	123	Procedure in respect of letter of request.
105L	124	Application of this Chapter.
106	125	Security for keeping peace on conviction.
107	126	Security for keeping peace in other cases.
108	127	Security for good behaviour from persons disseminating certain matters.
109	128	Security for good behaviour from suspected persons.
110	129	Security for good behaviour from habitual offenders.
111	130	Order to be made.
112	131	Procedure in respect of person present in Court.
113	132	Summons or warrant in case of person not so present.
114	133	Copy of order to accompany summons or warrant.
115	134	Power to dispense with personal attendance.
116	135	Inquiry as to truth of information.
117	136	Order to give security.
118	137	Discharge of person informed against.
119	138	Commencement of period for which security is required.
120	139	Contents of bond.
121	140	Power to reject sureties.
122	141	Imprisonment in default of security.
123	142	Power to release persons imprisoned for failing to give security.
124	143	Security for unexpired period of bond.
125	144	Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents.
126	145	Procedure.
127	146	Alteration in allowance.
128	147	Enforcement of order of maintenance.
129	148	Dispersal of assembly by use of civil force.
130	149	Use of armed forces to disperse assembly.
131	150	Power of certain armed force officers to disperse assembly.
132	151	Protection against prosecution for acts done under sections 148, 149 and 150.
133	152	Conditional order for removal of nuisance.
134	153	Service or notification of order.
135	154	Person to whom order is addressed to obey or show cause.
136	155	Penalty for failure to comply with section 154.
137	156	Procedure where existence of public right is denied.
138	157	Procedure where person against whom order is made under section 152 appears to show cause.
139	158	Power of Magistrate to direct local investigation and examination of an expert.
140	159	Power of Magistrate to furnish written instructions, etc.
141	160	Procedure on order being made absolute and consequences of disobedience.
142	161	Injunction pending inquiry.
143	162	Magistrate may prohibit repetition or continuance of public nuisance.
144	163	Power to issue order in urgent cases of nuisance or apprehended danger.
145	164	Procedure where dispute concerning land or water is likely to cause breach of peace.
146	165	Power to attach subject of dispute and to appoint receiver.
147	166	Dispute concerning right of use of land or water.
148	167	Local inquiry.
149	168	Police to prevent cognizable offences.
150	169	Information of design to commit cognizable offences.
151	170	Arrest to prevent commission of cognizable offences.
152	171	Prevention of injury to public property.
153	-	Inspection of weights and measures.
154	173	Information in cognizable cases.
155	174	Information as to non-cognizable cases and investigation of such cases.
156	175	Police officer's power to investigate cognizable case.
157	176	Procedure for investigation.
158	177	Report how submitted.
159	178	Power to hold investigation or preliminary inquiry.
160	179	Police officer's power to require attendance of witnesses.
161	180	Examination of witnesses by police.
162	181	Statements to police and use thereof.
163	182	No inducement to be offered.
164	183	Recording of confessions and statements.
164A	184	Medical examination of victim of rape.
165	185	Search by police officer.
166	186	When officer in charge of police station may require another to issue search-warrant.
166A	112	Letter of request to competent authority for investigation in a country or place outside India.
166B	113	Letter of request from a country or place outside India to a Court or an authority for investigation in India.
167	187	Procedure when investigation cannot be completed in twenty-four hours.
168	188	Report of investigation by subordinate police officer.
169	189	Release of accused when evidence deficient.
170	190	Cases to be sent to Magistrate, when evidence is sufficient.
171	191	Complainant and witnesses not to be required to accompany police officer and not to be subject to restraint.
172	192	Diary of proceedings in investigation.
173	193	Report of police officer on completion of investigation.
174	194	Police to enquire and report on suicide, etc.
175	195	Power to summon persons.
176	196	Inquiry by Magistrate into cause of death
177	197	Ordinary place of inquiry and trial.
178	198	Place of inquiry or trial.
179	199	Offence triable where act is done or consequence ensues.
180	200	Place of trial where act is an offence by reason of relation to other offence
181	201	Place of trial in case of certain offences.
182	202	Offences committed by means of electronic communications, letters, etc.
183	203	Offence committed on journey or voyage.
184	204	Place of trial for offences triable together.
185	205	Power to order cases to be tried in different sessions divisions.
186	206	High Court to decide, in case of doubt, district where inquiry or trial shall take place.
187	207	Power to issue summons or warrant for offence committed beyond local jurisdiction.
188	208	Offence committed outside India.
189	209	Receipt of evidence relating to offences committed outside India.
190	210	Cognizance of offences by Magistrates.
191	211	Transfer on application of accused.
192	212	Making over of cases to Magistrates.
193	213	Cognizance of offences by Court of Session.
194	214	Additional Sessions Judges to try cases made over to them.
195	215	Prosecution for contempt of lawful authority of public servants, for offences against public justice and for offences relating to documents given in evidence.
195A	216	Procedure for witnesses in case of threatening, etc.
196	217	Prosecution for offences against State and for criminal conspiracy to commit such offence.
197	218	Prosecution of Judges and public servants.
198	219	Prosecution for offences against marriage.
198A	220	Prosecution of offences under section 85 of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
198B	221	Cognizance of offence
199	222	Prosecution for defamation.
200	223	Examination of complainant.
201	224	Procedure by Magistrate not competent to take cognizance of case.
202	225	Postponement of issue of process.
203	226	Dismissal of complaint.
204	227	Issue of process.
205	228	Magistrate may dispense with personal attendance of accused.
206	229	Special summons in cases of petty offence.
207	230	Supply to accused of copy of police report and other documents.
208	231	Supply of copies of statements and documents to accused in other cases triable by Court of Session.
209	232	Commitment of case to Court of Session when offence is triable exclusively by it.
210	233	Procedure to be followed when there is a complaint case and police investigation in respect of same offence.
211	234	Contents of charge.
212	235	Particulars as to time, place and person.
213	236	When manner of committing offence must be stated.
214	237	Words in charge taken in sense of law under which offence is punishable.
215	238	Effect of errors.
216	239	Court may alter charge.
217	240	Recall of witnesses when charge altered.
218	241	Separate charges for distinct offences.
219	242	Offences of same kind within year may be charged together.
220	243	Trial for more than one offence.
221	244	Where it is doubtful what offence has been committed.
222	245	When offence proved included in offence charged.
223	246	What persons may be charged jointly.
224	247	Withdrawal of remaining charges on conviction on one of several charges.
225	248	Trial to be conducted by Public Prosecutor.
226	249	Opening case for prosecution.
227	250	Discharge.
228	251	Framing of charge.
229	252	Conviction on plea of guilty.
230	253	Date for prosecution evidence.
231	254	Evidence for prosecution.
232	255	Acquittal.
233	256	Entering upon defence.
234	257	Arguments.
235	258	Judgment of acquittal or conviction.
236	259	Previous conviction.
237	260	Procedure in cases instituted under sub-section ( ) of section 222.
238	261	Compliance with section 230
239	262	When accused shall be discharged.
240	263	Framing of charge.
241	264	Conviction on plea of guilty.
242	265	Evidence for prosecution.
243	266	Evidence for defence.
244	267	Evidence for prosecution.
245	268	When accused shall be discharged.
246	269	Procedure where accused is not discharged.
247	270	Evidence for defence.
248	271	Acquittal or conviction.
249	272	Absence of complainant.
250	273	Compensation for accusation without reasonable cause.
251	274	Substance of accusation to be stated.
252	275	Conviction on plea of guilty.
253	276	Conviction on plea of guilty in absence of accused in petty cases.
254	277	Procedure when not convicted.
255	278	Acquittal or conviction.
256	279	Non-appearance or death of complainant.
257	280	Withdrawal of complaint.
258	281	Power to stop proceedings in certain cases.
259	282	Power of Court to convert summons-cases into warrant-cases.
260	283	Power to try summarily.
261	284	Summary trial by Magistrate of second class.
262	285	Procedure for summary trials.
263	286	Record in summary trials.
264	287	Judgment in cases tried summarily.
265	288	Language of record and judgment.
265A	289	Application of Chapter.
265B	290	Application for plea bargaining.
265C	291	Guidelines for mutually satisfactory disposition.
265D	292	Report of mutually satisfactory disposition to be submitted before Court.
265E	293	Disposal of case.
265F	294	Judgment of Court.
265G	295	Finality of judgment.
265H	296	Power of Court in plea bargaining.
265-I	297	Period of detention undergone by accused to be set off against sentence of imprisonment.
265J	298	Savings.
265K	299	Statements of accused not to be used.
265L	300	Non-application of Chapter.
266	301	Definitions.
267	302	Power to require attendance of prisoners.
268	303	Power of State Government or Central Government to exclude certain persons from operation of section 302.
269	304	Officer in charge of prison to abstain from carrying out order in certain contingencies.
270	305	Prisoner to be brought to Court in custody.
271	306	Power to issue commission for examination of witness in prison.
272	307	Language of Courts.
273	308	Evidence to be taken in presence of accused.
274	309	Record in summons-cases and inquiries.
275	310	Record in warrant-cases.
276	311	Record in trial before Court of Session.
277	312	Language of record of evidence.
278	313	Procedure in regard to such evidence when completed.
279	314	Interpretation of evidence to accused or his advocate.
280	315	Remarks respecting demeanour of witness.
281	316	Record of examination of accused.
282	317	Interpreter to be bound to interpret truthfully.
283	318	Record in High Court.
284	319	When attendance of witness may be dispensed with and commission issued.
285	320	Commission to whom to be issued.
286	321	Execution of commissions.
287	322	Parties may examine witnesses.
288	323	Return of commission.
289	324	Adjournment of proceeding.
290	325	Execution of foreign commissions.
291	326	Deposition of medical witness.
291A	327	Identification report of Magistrate.
292	328	Evidence of officers of Mint.
293	329	Reports of certain Government scientific experts.
294	330	No formal proof of certain documents.
295	331	Affidavit in proof of conduct of public servants.
296	332	Evidence of formal character on affidavit.
297	333	Authorities before whom affidavits may be sworn.
298	334	Previous conviction or acquittal how proved.
299	335	Record of evidence in absence of accused.
300	337	Person once convicted or acquitted not to be tried for same offence.
301	338	Appearance by Public Prosecutors.
302	339	Permission to conduct prosecution.
303	340	Right of person against whom proceedings are instituted to be defended.
304	341	Legal aid to accused at State expense in certain cases.
305	342	Procedure when corporation or registered society is an accused.
306	343	Tender of pardon to accomplice.
307	344	Power to direct tender of pardon.
308	345	Trial of person not complying with conditions of pardon.
309	346	Power to postpone or adjourn proceedings.
310	347	Local inspection.
311	348	Power to summon material witness, or examine person present.
311A	349	Power of Magistrate to order person to give specimen signatures or handwriting, etc.
312	350	Expenses of complainants and witnesses.
313	351	Power to examine accused.
314	352	Oral arguments and memorandum of arguments.
315	353	Accused person to be competent witness.
316	354	No influence to be used to induce disclosure.
317	355	Provision for inquiries and trial being held in absence of accused in certain cases.
318	357	Procedure where accused does not understand proceedings.
319	358	Power to proceed against other persons appearing to be guilty of offence.
320	359	Compounding of offences.
321	360	Withdrawal from prosecution.
322	361	Procedure in cases which Magistrate cannot dispose of.
323	362	Procedure when, after commencement of inquiry or trial, Magistrate finds case should be committed.
324	363	Trial of persons previously convicted of offences against coinage, stamp-law or property.
325	364	Procedure when Magistrate cannot pass sentence sufficiently severe.
326	365	Conviction or commitment on evidence partly recorded by one Magistrate and partly by another.
327	366	Court to be open.
328	367	Procedure in case of accused being person of unsound mind.
329	368	Procedure in case of person of unsound mind tried before Court.
330	369	Release of person of unsound mind pending investigation or trial.
331	370	Resumption of inquiry or trial.
332	371	Procedure on accused appearing before Magistrate or Court.
333	372	When accused appears to have been of sound mind.
334	373	Judgment of acquittal on ground of unsoundness of mind.
335	374	Person acquitted on ground of unsoundness of mind to be detained in safe custody.
336	375	Power of State Government to empower officer-in-charge to discharge.
337	376	Procedure where prisoner of unsound mind is reported capable of making his defence.
338	377	Procedure where person of unsound mind detained is declared fit to be released.
339	378	Delivery of person of unsound mind to care of relative or friend.
340	379	Procedure in cases mentioned in section 215.
341	380	Appeal.
342	381	Power to order costs.
343	382	Procedure of Magistrate taking cognizance.
344	383	Summary procedure for trial for giving false evidence.
345	384	Procedure in certain cases of contempt.
346	385	Procedure where Court considers that case should not be dealt with under section 384.
347	386	When Registrar or Sub-Registrar to be deemed a Civil Court.
348	387	Discharge of offender on submission of apology.
349	388	Imprisonment or committal of person refusing to answer or produce document.
350	389	Summary procedure for punishment for non-attendance by a witness in obedience to summons.
351	390	Appeals from convictions under sections 383, 384, 388 and 389.
352	391	Certain Judges and Magistrates not to try certain offences when committed before themselves.
353	392	Judgment.
354	393	Language and contents of judgment.
356	394	Order for notifying address of previously convicted offender.
357	395	Order to pay compensation.
357A, 357B	396	Victim compensation scheme.
357C	397	Treatment of victims.
358	399	Compensation to persons groundlessly arrested.
359	400	Order to pay costs in non-cognizable cases.
360	401	Order to release on probation of good conduct or after admonition.
361	402	Special reasons to be recorded in certain cases.
362	403	Court not to alter judgment.
363	404	Copy of judgment to be given to accused and other persons.
364	405	Judgment when to be translated
365	406	Court of Session to send copy of finding and sentence to District Magistrate.
366	407	Sentence of death to be submitted by Court of Session for confirmation.
367	408	Power to direct further inquiry to be made or additional evidence to be taken.
368	409	Power of High Court to confirm sentence or annul conviction.
369	410	Confirmation or new sentence to be signed by two Judges.
370	411	Procedure in case of difference of opinion.
371	412	Procedure in cases submitted to High Court for confirmation.
372	413	No appeal to lie unless otherwise provided.
373	414	Appeal from orders requiring security or refusal to accept or rejecting surety for keeping peace or good behaviour.
374	415	Appeals from convictions.
375	416	No appeal in certain cases when accused pleads guilty.
376	417	No appeal in petty cases.
377	418	Appeal by State Government against sentence.
378	419	Appeal in case of acquittal.
379	420	Appeal against conviction by High Court in certain cases.
380	421	Special right of appeal in certain cases.
381	422	Appeal to Court of Session how heard.
382	423	Petition of appeal.
383	424	Procedure when appellant in jail.
384	425	Summary dismissal of appeal.
385	426	Procedure for hearing appeals not dismissed summarily.
386	427	Powers of Appellate Court.
387	428	Judgments of Subordinate Appellate Court.
388	429	Order of High Court on appeal to be certified to lower Court.
389	430	Suspension of sentence pending appeal; release of appellant on bail.
390	431	Arrest of accused in appeal from acquittal
391	432	Appellate Court may take further evidence or direct it to be taken.
392	433	Procedure where Judges of Court of Appeal are equally divided.
393	434	Finality of judgments and orders on appeal.
394	435	Abatement of appeals.
395	436	Reference to High Court.
396	437	Disposal of case according to decision of High Court.
397	438	Calling for records to exercise powers of revision.
398	439	Power to order inquiry.
399	440	Sessions Judge's powers of revision.
400	441	Power of Additional Sessions Judge.
401	442	High Court's powers of revision.
402	443	Power of High Court to withdraw or transfer revision cases.
403	444	Option of Court to hear parties.
405	445	High Court's order to be certified to lower Court.
406	446	Power of Supreme Court to transfer cases and appeals.
407	447	Power of High Court to transfer cases and appeals.
408	448	Power of Sessions Judge to transfer cases and appeals.
409	449	Withdrawal of cases and appeals by Sessions Judges.
410	450	Withdrawal of cases by Judicial Magistrates.
411	451	Making over or withdrawal of cases by Executive Magistrates.
412	452	Reasons to be recorded.
413	453	Execution of order passed under section 409.
414	454	Execution of sentence of death passed by High Court.
415	455	Postponement of execution of sentence of death in case of appeal to Supreme Court.
416	456	Commutation of sentence of death on pregnant woman.
417	457	Power to appoint place of imprisonment.
418	458	Execution of sentence of imprisonment.
419	459	Direction of warrant for execution.
420	460	Warrant with whom to be lodged.
421	461	Warrant for levy of fine.
422	462	Effect of such warrant.
423	463	Warrant for levy of fine issued by a Court in any territory to which this Sanhita does not extend.
424	464	Suspension of execution of sentence of imprisonment.
425	465	Who may issue warrant.
426	466	Sentence on escaped convict when to take effect.
427	467	Sentence on offender already sentenced for another offence.
428	468	Period of detention undergone by accused to be set off against sentence of imprisonment.
429	469	Saving.
430	470	Return of warrant on execution of sentence.
431	471	Money ordered to be paid recoverable as a fine.
432	473	Power to suspend or remit sentences.
433	474	Power to commute sentence.
433A	475	Restriction on powers of remission or commutation in certain cases.
434	476	Concurrent power of Central Government in case of death sentences.
435	477	State Government to act after concurrence with Central Government in certain cases.
436	478	In what cases bail to be taken.
436A	479	Maximum period for which undertrial prisoner can be detained.
437	480	When bail may be taken in case of non-bailable offence.
437A	481	Bail to require accused to appear before next appellate Court.
438	482	Direction for grant of bail to person apprehending arrest.
439	483	Special powers of High Court or Court of Session regarding bail.
440	484	Amount of bond and reduction thereof.
441	485	Bond of accused and sureties.
441A	486	Declaration by sureties.
442	487	Discharge from custody.
443	488	Power to order sufficient bail when that first taken is insufficient.
444	489	Discharge of sureties.
445	490	Deposit instead of recognizance.
446	491	Procedure when bond has been forfeited.
446A	492	Cancellation of bond and bail bond.
447	493	Procedure in case of insolvency or death of surety or when a bond is forfeited.
448	494	Bond required from child.
449	495	Appeal from orders under section 491.
450	496	Power to direct levy of amount due on certain recognizances.
451	497	Order for custody and disposal of property pending trial in certain cases.
452	498	Order for disposal of property at conclusion of trial.
453	499	Payment to innocent purchaser of money found on accused.
454	500	Appeal against orders under section 498 or section 499.
455	501	Destruction of libellous and other matter.
456	502	Power to restore possession of immovable property.
457	503	Procedure by police upon seizure of property.
458	504	Procedure where no claimant appears within six months.
459	505	Power to sell perishable property.
460	506	Irregularities which do not vitiate proceedings.
461	507	Irregularities which vitiate proceedings.
462	508	Proceedings in wrong place.
463	509	Non-compliance with provisions of section 183 or section 316.
464	510	Effect of omission to frame, or absence of, or error in, charge.
465	511	Finding or sentence when reversible by reason of error, omission or irregularity.
466	512	Defect or error not to make attachment unlawful.
467	513	Definitions.
468	514	Bar to taking cognizance after lapse of period of limitation.
469	515	Commencement of period of limitation.
470	516	Exclusion of time in certain cases.
471	517	Exclusion of date on which Court is closed.
472	518	Continuing offence.
473	519	Extension of period of limitation in certain cases.
474	520	Trials before High Courts.
475	521	Delivery to commanding officers of persons liable to be tried by Court-martial.
476	522	Forms.
477	523	Power of High Court to make rules.
478	524	Power to alter functions allocated to Executive Magistrate in certain cases.
479	525	Cases in which Judge or Magistrate is personally interested.
480	526	Practising advocate not to sit as Magistrate in certain Courts.
481	527	Public servant concerned in sale not to purchase or bid for property.
482	528	Saving of inherent powers of High Court.
483	529	Duty of High Court to exercise continuous superintendence over Courts.
484	531	Repeal and savings.

New in the BNSS: 14 provisions with no CrPC equivalent

BNSS	Subject
2(1)(a)	"audio-video electronic means" .
2(1)(b)	"bail"
2(1)(d)	"bail bond".
2(1)(e)	"bond".
2(1)(i)	"electronic communication".
86	Identification and attachment of property of proclaimed person.
105	Recording of search and seizure through audio-video electronic means.
107	Attachment, forfeiture or restoration of property.
172	Persons bound to conform to lawful directions of police.
336	Evidence of public servants, experts, police officers in certain cases.
356	Inquiry, trial or judgment in absentia of proclaimed offender.
398	Witness protection scheme.
472	Mercy Petition in death sentence cases.
530	Trial and proceedings to be held in electronic mode.

CrPC sections omitted: 14 provisions with no BNSS equivalent

CrPC	Subject	Note
2(f)	"India".	Omitted. The definition of "India" is not carried into the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.
2(k)	"Metropolitan area".	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 does away with Metropolitan areas.
2(q)	Pleader.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to CrPC section 2(q).
2(t)	Prescribed.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to CrPC section 2(t).
8	Metropolitan areas.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 does away with the separate category of Metropolitan areas and Metropolitan Magistrates.
10	Subordination of Assistant Sessions Judges.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to CrPC section 10.
16	Courts of Metropolitan Magistrates.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 does away with Metropolitan Magistrates; Judicial Magistrates of the first class exercise the corresponding powers.
17	Chief Metropolitan Magistrate and Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 does away with Metropolitan Magistrates.
18	Special Metropolitan Magistrates.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 does away with Metropolitan Magistrates.
19	Subordination of Metropolitan Magistrates.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 does away with Metropolitan Magistrates.
27	Jurisdiction in the case of juveniles.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to CrPC section 27.
144A	Power to prohibit carrying arms in procession or mass drill or mass training with arms.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to CrPC section 144A.
355	Metropolitan Magistrate's judgment.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 does away with Metropolitan Magistrates.
404	Statement by Metropolitan Magistrate of grounds of his decision to be considered by High Court.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 does away with Metropolitan Magistrates.

IEA to BSA section conversion table

Every section of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and the corresponding section of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, in the order of the old Act. Click a section number to open its full text and the key changes in the tool above.

IEA to BSA: all 190 corresponding sections

IEA	BSA	Subject
1	1	Short title, application and commencement.
3	2	Definitions.
3, para 1	2(1)(a)	"Court".
3, para 8	2(1)(c)	"disproved".
3, para 5	2(1)(d)	"document".
3, para 6	2(1)(e)	"evidence".
3, para 2	2(1)(f)	"fact".
3, para 4	2(1)(g)	"facts in issue".
3, para 9	2(1)(i)	"not proved".
3, para 7	2(1)(j)	"proved".
3, para 3	2(1)(k)	"relevant".
4, para 3	2(1)(b)	"conclusive proof".
4, para 1	2(1)(h)	"may presume".
4, para 2	2(1)(l)	"shall presume".
5	3	Evidence maybe given of facts in issue and relevant facts.
6	4	Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction.
7	5	Facts which are occasion, cause or effect facts in issue or relevant facts.
8	6	Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct.
9	7	Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts.
10	8	Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design.
11	9	When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant.
12	10	Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damages.
13	11	Facts relevant when right or custom is in question.
14	12	Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling.
15	13	Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional.
16	14	Existence of course of business when relevant.
17	15	Admission defined.
18	16	Admission by party to proceeding or his agent.
19	17	Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit.
20	18	Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit.
21	19	Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf.
22	20	When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant.
23	21	Admissions in civil cases when relevant.
24	22	Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding.
25	23(1)	Confession to police officer.
26	23(2)	Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him.
27	23 Proviso	How much of information received from accused may be proved.
28	22 Proviso 1	Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant.
29	22 Proviso 2	Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc.
30	24	Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence.
31	25	Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop.
32	26	Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant.
33	27	Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated.
34	28	Entries in books of account when relevant.
35	29	Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty.
36	30	Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans.
37	31	Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications.
38	32	Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form.
39	33	What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers.
40	34	Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial.
41	35	Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction.
42	36	Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 35.
43	37	Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 when relevant.
44	38	Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved.
45	39(1)	Opinions of experts.
45A	39(2)	Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence.
46	40	Facts bearing upon opinions of experts.
47	41(1)	Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant.
47A	41(2)	Opinion as to electronic signature, when relevant.
48	42	Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant.
49	43	Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant.
50	44	Opinion on relationship, when relevant.
51	45	Grounds of opinion, when relevant.
52	46	In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant.
53	47	In criminal cases previous good character relevant.
53A	48	Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases.
54	49	Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply.
55	50	Character as affecting damages.
56	51	Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved.
57	52	Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice.
58	53	Facts admitted need not be proved.
59	54	Proof of facts by oral evidence.
60	55	Oral evidence to be direct.
61	56	Proof of contents of documents.
62	57	Primary evidence.
63	58	Secondary evidence.
64	59	Proof of documents by primary evidence.
65	60	Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given.
65A	62	Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record.
65B	63	Admissibility of electronic records.
66	64	Rules as to notice to produce.
67	65	Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced.
67A	66	Proof as to electronic signature.
68	67	Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested.
69	68	Proof where no attesting witness found.
70	69	Admission of execution by party to attested document.
71	70	Proof when attesting witness denies execution.
72	71	Proof of document not required by law to be attested.
73	72	Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved.
73A	73	Proof as to verification of digital signature.
74	74(1)	Public and private documents.
75	74(2)	Public and private documents.
76	75	Certified copies of public documents.
77	76	Proof of documents by production of certified copies.
78	77	Proof of other official documents.
79	78	Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies.
80	79	Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etc.
81	80	Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, and other documents.
81A	81	Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record.
83	82	Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government.
84	83	Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions.
85	84	Presumption a as to powers-of-attorney.
85A	85	Presumption as to electronic agreements.
85B	86	Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures.
85C	87	Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates.
86	88	Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records
87	89	Presumption as to books, maps and charts
88A	90	Presumption as to electronic messages
89	91	Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced
90	92	Presumption as to documents thirty years old
90A	93	Presumption as to electronic records five years old
91	94	Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document
92	95	Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement
93	96	Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document
94	97	Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts
95	98	Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts
96	99	Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons
97	100	Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies
98	101	Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc.
99	102	Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document
100	103	Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills
101	104	Burden of proof
102	105	On whom burden of proof lies
103	106	Burden of proof as to particular fact
104	107	Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible
105	108	Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions
106	109	Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge
107	110	Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years
108	111	Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years
109	112	Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent
110	113	Burden of proof as to ownership
111	114	Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence
111A	115	Presumption as to certain offences
112	116	Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy
113A	117	Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman
113B	118	Presumption as to dowry death
114	119	Court may presume existence of certain facts
114A	120	Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape
115	121	Estoppel
116	122	Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession
117	123	Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee
118	124	Who may testify
119	125	Witness unable to communicate verbally
120	126	Competency of husband and wife as witnesses in certain cases
121	127	Judges and Magistrates
122	128	Communications during marriage
123	129	Evidence as to affairs of State
124	130	Official communications
125	131	Information as to commission of offences
126	132(1),(2)	Professional communications
127	132(3)	Professional communications to apply interpreters, etc.
128	133	Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence
129	134	Confidential communication with legal advisers
130	135	Production of title-deeds of witness not a party
131	136	Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce
132	137	Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate
133	138	Accomplice
134	139	Number of witnesses
135	140	Order of production and examination of witnesses
136	141	Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence
137	142	Examination of witnesses
138	143	Order of examinations
139	144	Cross-examination of person called to produce a document
140	145	Witnesses to character
141	146(1)	Leading questions
142	146(2),(3)	When they (leading) must not be asked
143	146(4)	When they (leading) may be asked
144	147	Evidence as to matters in writing
145	148	Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing
146	149	Questions lawful in cross-examination
147	150	When witness to be compelled to answer
148	151	Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer
149	152	Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds
150	153	Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds
151	154	Indecent and scandalous questions
152	155	Questions intended to insult or annoy
153	156	Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity
154	157	Question by party to his own witness
155	158	Impeaching credit of witness
156	159	Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible
157	160	Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact
158	161	What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27.
159	162	Refreshing memory
160	163	Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162.
161	164	Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory
162	165	Production of documents
163	166	Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice
164	167	Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice
165	168	Judge's power to put questions or order production
167	169	No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence

New in the BSA: 3 provisions with no IEA equivalent

BSA	Subject
2(2)	Words and expressions.
61	Electronic or digital record.
170	Repeal and savings

IEA sections omitted: 6 provisions with no BSA equivalent

IEA	Subject	Note
2	Repeal of enactments.	Section 2 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 had already been repealed by the Repealing Act, 1938; there is nothing to carry into the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
22A	When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 contains no separate provision corresponding to section 22A; oral admissions as to the contents of documents, including electronic records, are dealt with in section 20 of the BSA.
82	Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to section 82 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
88	Presumption as to telegraphic messages.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 contains no provision on telegraphic messages; the presumption as to electronic messages is in section 90 of the BSA.
113	Proof of cession of territory.	Omitted. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 contains no provision corresponding to section 113 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
166	Power of jury or assessors to put questions.	Omitted. Trial by jury or with assessors no longer exists, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 contains no corresponding provision.

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Last reviewed by Century Law Firm: October 2026.

IPC to BNS, CrPC to BNSS and IEA to BSA: Section Comparison Tool